Realism is one of the most influential theories in global politics and a core theoretical perspective in the IB Global Politics course. Realism explains international relations by focusing on power, state interests, and survival in an anarchic global system. It assumes that conflict and competition are natural features of global politics rather than exceptions.
At the heart of realism is the idea that the international system is anarchic. This does not mean chaos, but rather the absence of a central authority above states. Unlike domestic politics, there is no global government to enforce rules or guarantee security. As a result, states must rely on themselves to survive. This condition of anarchy shapes all state behaviour in realist theory.
Realism views states as the primary actors in global politics. States are treated as rational and unitary actors that pursue their national interest, defined mainly in terms of power and security. Other actors, such as international organizations or NGOs, are considered far less important because they lack sovereignty and enforcement power. In IB analysis, this helps explain why states often prioritise national interest over global cooperation.
Another key realist concept is power, particularly military power. Realists argue that power is the most reliable way to ensure survival in an uncertain world. States seek to increase their power relative to others to deter threats and avoid vulnerability. This leads to competition, arms build-ups, and alliances based on strategic interests rather than shared values.
Realism also explains the security dilemma. When one state increases its military capabilities to feel safer, other states may feel threatened and respond by doing the same. This can increase insecurity for everyone, even if no state intends to start a conflict. The security dilemma shows why mistrust and rivalry persist in global politics.
Realists are generally sceptical of international institutions and moral ideals. They argue that cooperation is limited and temporary, lasting only as long as it serves state interests. International law and norms are seen as tools used by powerful states rather than binding rules that constrain them.
For IB Global Politics students, realism is especially useful for analysing conflict, war, power competition, and security issues. High-level answers use realism to explain behaviour while also recognising its limitations, such as its neglect of cooperation, norms, and non-state actors.
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)
What is realism in simple terms?
Realism is a theory that explains global politics as a struggle for power among states. It assumes states act in their own self-interest. Security and survival are the top priorities. IB students should link realism to competition and conflict.
Why does realism focus so much on states?
Realists believe states are the only actors with true power and authority. They control territory, armies, and laws. Other actors depend on states. This state-centric view is central to realism.
What does anarchy mean in realism?
Anarchy means there is no global authority above states. States must protect themselves. This creates insecurity and competition. It explains why power matters so much in realism.
How does realism explain conflict?
Conflict arises because states fear each other and compete for power. Even defensive actions can appear threatening. The security dilemma explains this dynamic. Realism sees conflict as unavoidable.
How should realism be used in IB exam answers?
Students should use realism to explain state behaviour in security or conflict-related questions. Clear links to power and anarchy strengthen answers. Evaluation should acknowledge realism’s limits. Balance is key for high marks.
