Resource inequality is a major issue in IB Geography, particularly within the Global Resource Consumption and Security unit. Resource inequality occurs when countries or regions have unequal access to essential resources such as water, energy, food, and minerals. These imbalances can create geopolitical tensions, as states compete to secure resources that are vital for economic growth, political stability, and national security.
One of the most significant sources of geopolitical tension is unequal access to energy resources. Fossil fuels such as oil and natural gas are unevenly distributed across the world. Countries that control large reserves often gain economic and political power, while resource-poor countries depend on imports to meet energy needs. This dependence can create vulnerability, as energy supply disruptions or price increases can harm national economies and trigger political instability.
Water scarcity is another major driver of geopolitical tension, particularly in regions where rivers cross national borders. Upstream countries may control water flow through dams and irrigation projects, reducing availability downstream. This can increase tensions between neighbouring states, especially where water is essential for agriculture, energy production, and domestic use. As climate change reduces water availability in many regions, competition over shared water resources is likely to intensify.
Resource inequalities also affect food security, contributing to political instability. Countries that rely heavily on food imports are vulnerable to global price fluctuations and supply disruptions. Sudden increases in food prices can trigger social unrest and weaken governments. In some cases, competition for fertile land and agricultural resources has contributed to conflict, particularly where land ownership is unequal or poorly regulated.
In IB Geography, it is important to recognise the role of strategic minerals. Resources such as rare earth elements, lithium, and cobalt are essential for modern technologies, including renewable energy systems and electronics. Control over these resources gives countries economic and strategic advantages, increasing competition and geopolitical tension as global demand rises.
Resource inequality can also reinforce global power imbalances. High-income countries often secure resources through trade, investment, or political influence, while low-income countries may experience environmental degradation without receiving fair economic benefits. This can lead to resentment, political instability, and conflict.
Overall, resource inequalities create geopolitical tensions by increasing competition for essential resources, reinforcing power imbalances, and heightening vulnerability to supply disruptions. As global demand continues to rise, managing these inequalities will become increasingly important for international stability.
RevisionDojo helps IB Geography students analyse resource-related geopolitical tensions clearly, linking resource distribution to power, conflict, and exam-style evaluation.
