Marxist theories explain global inequality by focusing on how economic structures and power relations shape outcomes in global politics. In the IB Global Politics course, Marxism is a critical theory that challenges liberal and realist explanations by arguing that inequality is not accidental or temporary, but a systemic feature of global capitalism.
At the core of Marxist theory is the idea that the global system is divided between those who own and control the means of production and those who provide labour. Applied globally, this creates a division between wealthy, industrialised states and poorer, developing states. According to Marxist thinkers, global inequality exists because the international economic system is designed to benefit powerful actors at the expense of weaker ones.
A key Marxist concept is exploitation. Wealthy states and multinational corporations extract labour, resources, and profits from poorer regions, often paying low wages and offering limited protections. While this process generates growth for some, it traps others in cycles of dependency and underdevelopment. From this perspective, poverty is not caused by lack of development but by unequal participation in the global economy.
Marxist theories also emphasise structural power. Global institutions, trade rules, and financial systems appear neutral but often reflect the interests of dominant economic actors. These structures shape what policies are possible for developing countries, limiting their ability to pursue independent development paths. This reinforces inequality across generations.
Another important idea is dependency. Some Marxist-inspired approaches argue that developing states become economically dependent on exporting raw materials and importing manufactured goods. This unequal exchange prevents industrialisation and locks states into subordinate positions. Economic growth in wealthy states is therefore linked directly to underdevelopment elsewhere.
Marxist theories are also critical of globalization, viewing it as an extension of capitalist exploitation rather than a neutral process. While globalization may increase overall wealth, Marxists argue that its benefits are unevenly distributed. Inequality within and between states increases as profits concentrate among elites.
For IB Global Politics students, Marxist theories are particularly useful for analysing development, inequality, and power. High-level answers show how Marxism explains the structural causes of inequality while also evaluating its limitations, such as underestimating political, cultural, or institutional factors.
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)
What do Marxist theories focus on in global politics?
Marxist theories focus on economic structures and class-based power. They argue that capitalism creates inequality. Global politics is shaped by exploitation and control. IB students should link Marxism to structure and economy.
How does Marxism explain global inequality?
Global inequality exists because wealth is extracted from poorer regions by richer ones. The global system benefits powerful actors. Inequality is structural, not accidental. This is central to Marxist analysis.
What is dependency in Marxist theory?
Dependency refers to weaker states relying on stronger ones economically. This prevents independent development. It reinforces long-term inequality. IB answers should connect dependency to global structures.
Does Marxism ignore the role of states?
Marxism sees states as influenced by economic interests. States serve capitalist systems rather than acting independently. This contrasts with realism. IB responses should explain this difference clearly.
How should Marxist theory be used in exams?
Students should apply Marxism to issues of inequality and development. Evaluation should consider strengths and weaknesses. Linking theory to global systems strengthens answers. Balance is key for high marks.
